|
Area |
All |
Automobile |
Public Transport |
Year |
|
UNITED STATES |
20.7 |
|
|
1995 |
|
Metropolitan Median |
24.8 |
23.4 |
39.2 |
1990 |
|
Atlanta |
27.0 |
26.0 |
40.7 |
1990 |
|
Baltimore |
24.8 |
23.9 |
37.8 |
1990 |
|
Boston |
27.3 |
26.2 |
40.4 |
1990 |
|
Buffalo |
19.5 |
19.2 |
32.3 |
1990 |
|
Chicago |
28.8 |
26.0 |
46.4 |
1990 |
|
Cincinnati |
22.8 |
22.2 |
34.4 |
1990 |
|
Cleveland |
23.2 |
22.4 |
38.1 |
1990 |
|
Denver |
23.3 |
22.4 |
38.8 |
1990 |
|
Detroit |
24.0 |
23.7 |
39.6 |
1990 |
|
Dallas-Fort Worth |
24.9 |
24.5 |
40.4 |
1990 |
|
Honolulu |
24.9 |
23.3 |
39.2 |
1990 |
|
Houston |
26.2 |
25.5 |
44.0 |
1990 |
|
Los Angeles |
26.4 |
25.6 |
41.5 |
1990 |
|
Milwaukee |
22.0 |
21.4 |
36.4 |
1990 |
|
Minneapolis-St. Paul |
21.7 |
20.9 |
32.1 |
1990 |
|
New Orleans |
25.4 |
23.8 |
36.9 |
1990 |
|
New York |
30.0 |
24.8 |
47.4 |
1990 |
|
Pittsburgh |
22.9 |
22.0 |
34.9 |
1990 |
|
Philadelphia |
24.5 |
23.1 |
39.3 |
1990 |
|
Portland |
25.6 |
23.4 |
34.0 |
1990 |
|
Sacramento |
23.7 |
23.2 |
39.1 |
1990 |
|
Seattle |
24.6 |
23.4 |
42.6 |
1990 |
|
San Francisco |
26.2 |
24.2 |
41.5 |
1990 |
|
St. Louis |
24.0 |
23.0 |
38.6 |
1990 |
|
Washington |
28.8 |
27.0 |
41.2 |
1990 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CANADA |
|
|
|
|
|
Toronto |
25.3 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WESTERN EUROPE |
|
19.0 |
38.0 |
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FRANCE |
|
18.0 |
|
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
Paris |
35.0 |
27.0 |
53.0 |
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GERMANY |
|
25.0 |
|
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
Frankfurt |
27.7 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Hamburg |
30.8 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Munich |
25.0 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GREAT BRITAIN |
24.0 |
17.0 |
|
1996 |
|
Birmingham |
26.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
Leeds |
23.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
Liverpool |
23.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
London: Central |
55.0 |
|
|
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
London: Greater |
42.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
London: Inner Except Central |
41.0 |
|
|
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
London: Outer |
29.0 |
|
|
Gerondeau, 1997 |
|
Manchester |
25.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
Newcastle |
24.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
Sheffield |
23.0 |
|
|
1999 |
|
Other England and Wales |
21.0 |
|
|
1996 |
|
Southeast Excluding London |
22.0 |
|
|
1996 |
|
Scotland |
22.0 |
|
|
1996 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ITALY |
|
17.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTHER WESTERN EUROPE |
|
|
|
|
|
Amsterdam |
27.9 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Brussels |
22.1 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Copenhagen |
28.8 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Stockholm |
32.2 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Vienna |
28.0 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Zurich |
20.4 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
JAPAN |
27.3 |
|
|
1993 |
|
Tokyo-Yokohama |
46.4 |
|
|
1993 |
|
Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe |
39.6 |
|
|
1993 |
|
Nagoya |
26.3 |
|
|
1993 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTHER ASIA |
|
|
|
|
|
Bangkok |
30.7 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Beijing |
28.9 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Hong Kong |
44.0 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Jakarta |
22.3 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Kuala Lampur |
27.2 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Manila |
40.0 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Seoul |
41.2 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Singapore |
33.1 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Surabaja |
20.5 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AUSTRALIA |
|
|
|
|
|
Perth |
22.5 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Sydney |
30.3 |
|
|
Kenworthy et al, 1990/1991 |
|
Sources: US Census Bureau, US Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, UK Department of Transport, Environment and the Regions, Housing Survey of Japan, Christian Gerondeau, Transport in Europe, Jeffrey R. Kenworthy, Felix B. Laube, et al, "An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities: 1960-1990." |
